大夏河临夏段枯水期纤毛虫群落特征与水质相互关系研究

2008年11月至2009年3月,在大夏河临夏段设置4个断面分2批采集16个水样,用活体镜检和固定染色相结合的方法,对该河段枯水期纤毛虫物种多样性、群落结构特征及其与水质的相互关系进行研究。共鉴定出纤毛虫3纲13目45科57属114种(包括9种未定种)。动基片纲(Kinetofragminophorea)48种(隶属18科22属),寡膜纲(Oligohymenophorea)36种(隶属16科18属),多膜纲(Polyhymenophorea)30种(隶属11科17属),分别占总物种数的42.0%、32.0%和26.0%。肾形豆形虫和梨形四膜虫为优势种群,尾草履虫、瓜形膜袋虫、片状漫游虫、大口瞬目虫、弯豆形虫、小口钟虫、纺锤康纤虫为次优势种群,可以作为河流生活型有机污染的指示物种。据纤毛虫群落特征以及水体主要理化指标对大夏河临夏段水环境质量进行综合评价,结果显示,该河段以生活型有机污染为主。1#~4#样点的污染等级和顺序为:1#(Os,轻微污染)4#(α-ms,中度污染)2#(α-ms,中度污染)3#(α-ms~Ps,中度—重度污染)。     

固定化藻菌对水产养殖废水氮、磷的去除效果

对比研究了藻菌混合包埋(MI)和藻菌分层包埋SI1(藻外菌内)、SI2(藻内菌外)固定化藻菌对养殖废水中氮、磷的去除效果,以及光照、温度对3种处理脱氮去磷的影响。试验结果表明,在设计条件下处理72 h MI与SI2对氮的去除率分别为91.20%和90.77%,显著高于SI1。MI与SI1的去磷效果显著强于SI2,处理72 h后2者对磷的去除率分别为90.31%和84.78%,SI2仅为32.09%。当[光]照度6 000 lx时,SI2氮去除率在88%以上,显著高于MI与SI1;[光]照度6 000 lx时,SI2与MI对氮的去除率均高于89%,显著高于SI1。MI与SI1对磷的去除率在85%以上,显著高于SI2。MI、SI1、SI2去除氮、磷的最佳温度为20~30℃。     

崇明东滩大型底栖动物食源的稳定同位素示踪

利用稳定同位素示踪技术,对崇明东滩盐沼湿地夏季不同生境大型底栖动物的食物来源和营养结构进行了初步研究。结果显示,表层沉积有机质稳定碳、氮同位素组成分别在-21.3‰~-24.2‰、4.6‰~5.6‰,不同生境下存在一定差异。植物体各组织的同位素值存在差异,在判别食物来源时需要注意,不能简单地以植物叶片值来代替整个植株。大型底栖动物的δ¹³C值为-14.7‰~-23.6‰,表现出食物来源的差异。总体上说,湿地优势植物的活植物体不是大型底栖动物的主要食物来源,沉积有机质是大部分底栖消费者的食物基础。底栖动物的氮同位素能较好地反映其食性和营养级,计算出崇明东滩大型底栖动物营养级在2.0~3.7,为一级消费者和二级消费者。     

三峡库区小流域水体硝态氮含量及与土地利用的关系

通过对三峡库区宝塔河与曲溪两小流域内土地利用结构和施肥状况的调查,以及对流域水体中硝态氮含量连续3年的监测,探讨了土地利用结构和施肥状况等对水体中硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:①不同流域水体中硝态氮含量存在很大差异,曲溪流域变化范围是0.4~14.6mg/l,平均为6.96mg/l;宝塔河流域变化范围是0.2~6.8mg/l,平均为2.41mg/l,耕地和林地面积所占的比例对流域水体中硝态氮含量有很重要的影响;②曲溪流域水体硝态氮含量的季节性变化表现为春季<夏季<秋季<冬季,这一变化与降雨量的大小有一定关系,也与季节性的农事活动有关;宝塔河流域受居民非农业活动影响显著,其水体硝态氮含量的季节性变化规律不明显,年度变化表现为2005年略高于2004年,但2006年却略为下降,农业耕作对水体硝酸盐的含量影响比曲溪弱。     

内蒙古乌海热电厂水源地地下水资源量评价

在分析勘察区水文地质条件的基础上,用水量均衡法计算了该区地下水的补给量和排泄量,结果为负均衡。水源地开采后水源主要来源于黄河激发补给量,抽水试验和数值模拟表明黄河激发补给量为3.45×10⁴m³/d。根据水位预测,水源地开采20年后和不利水文、气象条件下连续开采2年,水位下降值均不及含水层厚度的1/10,说明水源地开采量3×10⁴m³/d是有保证的,可以满足电厂供水要求。     

龙岩大气颗粒物中多环芳烃源识别及污染评价

采用恒能量同步荧光法,研究了龙岩市区不同功能区冬、春季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs含量进行了评价. 结果表明:龙岩市区各功能区大气颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)为278.95～ 718.25 ng/m3,且冬季高于春季. 根据PAHs中一些特征标志物的比值,可判断冬、春季市区内PAHs主要来源于汽车尾气和燃煤污染. 采用苯并［a］芘(BaP)及苯并［a］芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价3个功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs的污染状况显示,冬季3个功能区苯并［a］芘含量(ρ(BaP))均超过国家标准(10 ng/m3),且ρ(PAHs)均严重超标.      

Urban expansion and its contribution to the regional carbon emissions: Using the model based on the population density distribution

The method is used for calculating regional urban area dynamics and the resulting carbon emissions (from the land-conversion) for the period of 1980 till 2050 for the eight world regions. This approach is based on the fact that the spatial distribution of population density is close to the two-parametric Γ-distribution [Kendall, M.G., Stuart, A., 1958. The Advanced Theory of Statistics, vol. 1.2. Academic Press, New York; Vaughn, R., 1987. Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns, Pion, London]. The developed model provides us with the scenario of urbanisation, based on which the regional and world dynamics of carbon emissions and export from cities, and the annual total urban carbon balance are estimated. According to our estimations, world annual emissions of carbon as a result of urbanisation increase up to 1.25 GtC in 2005 and begin to decrease afterwards. If we compare the emission maximum with the annual emission caused by deforestation, 1.36 GtC per year, then we can say that the role of urbanised territories (UT) in the global carbon balance is of a comparable magnitude. Regarding the world annual export of carbon from UT, we observe its monotonous growth by three times, reaching 505 MtC. The latter, is comparable to the amount of carbon transported by rivers into the ocean (196–537 MtC). The current model shows that urbanisation is inhibited in the interval 2020–2030, and by 2050 the growth of urbanised areas would almost stop. Hence, the total balance, being almost constant until 2000, then starts to decrease at an almost constant rate. By the end of the XXI century, the total carbon balance will be equal to zero, with the exchange flows fully balanced, and may even be negative, with the system beginning to take up carbon from the atmosphere, i.e., becomes a “sink”. The regional dynamics is somewhat more complex, i.e., some regions, like China, Asia and Pacific are being active sources of Carbon through the studied period, while others are changing from source to sink or continue to be neutral in respect the GCC.     

Importance of Habitat Quality and Landscape Connectivity for the Persistence of Endangered Natterjack Toads

Abstract: The natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) is endangered in several parts of its distribution, including Belgium, where it occurs mainly in artificial habitats. We parameterized a general model for natterjack population viability analysis (PVA) and tested its sensitivity to changes in the values of basic parameters. Then we assessed the relative efficiency of various conservation measures in 2 situations: a small isolated population and a system of 4 populations connected by rare dispersal movements. We based the population viability analysis on a stage‐structured model of natterjack population dynamics. We parameterized the model in the RAMAS GIS platform with vital rates obtained from our own field experience and from published studies. Simulated natterjack populations were highly sensitive to habitat quality (particularly pond drying), to dispersal from surrounding local populations, and to a lesser extent to values of fecundity and survival of terrestrial stages. Population trajectories were nearly insensitive to initial abundances, carrying capacities, and the frequency of extreme climatic conditions. The simulations showed that in habitats with highly ephemeral ponds, where premetamorphosis mortality was high, natterjack populations nearly always had a very high extinction risk. We also illustrated how low dispersal rates (<1 dispersing individual/generation) efficiently rescued declining local populations. Such source‐sink dynamics demonstrate that the identification and management of source populations should be a high priority.     

增补UV-B辐射下南亚热带森林建群树种叶片对UV-B辐射的防护

研究了我国南亚热带森林5种建群树种UV-B辐射诱导的UV-B吸收物质(在280～320 nm波长下测定)的积累及抗UV-B辐射的可能性保护机制.增补UV-B辐射下,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶的甲醇可溶性提取物和细胞壁的碱提取酚类的含量明显高于正常水平的光辐射下.红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)和厚壳桂(Cryptocarya chinensis)叶片的这些化学物质也升高,意味着增补UV-B辐射刺激UV-B辐射吸收物质的生成,形成抗UV-B辐射的功能性保护结构.然而,自然光下已含有大量细胞壁碱提取酚类的荷木(Schima superba)和藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa),这些化合物在增补UV-B辐射下则见下降,很有可能表皮层细胞壁碱提取酚类被转移到含有较低甲醇可溶性色素的液胞可溶性化合物里,这一现象意示着可能涉及叶肉组织光合机构的保护策略.增补UV-B下,马尾松针叶的叶绿素a和b含量不受影响,而其他4种阔叶树叶片则下降10.7% 到16.8%不等.胡萝卜素对增补UV-B辐射的响应变化不一,红椎和荷木的胡萝卜素水平下降,而马尾松、厚壳桂和藜蒴的胡萝卜素则上升,后者也许与功能性增加激发能耗散有关.结果显示,自然条件下不同树种展示出不同的驯化策略以形成抗UV-B辐射增加的防护机制.表4参29     

短程硝化—厌氧氨氧化组合工艺在脱氮领域的研究进展

基于全程硝化反硝化的传统生物脱氮工艺在硝化过程中需要大量氧气供应,反硝化过程需要有机物作为碳源,存在能耗与药耗过大的问题.为了降低废水脱氮的成本,短程硝化(PN)—厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)组合工艺(PNA工艺)得到了高速发展.综述了PNA工艺的影响因素,重点介绍了4种基于PN与ANAMMOX原理开发的衍生PNA工艺...